Characteristic | Total |
Pre-medical course |
Medical course |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | ||
Total | 400 (61.2) | 76 (69.7) | 57 (51.4) | 90 (79.0) | 70 (63.6) | 49 (48.0) | 58 (53.7) |
Gender (male) | 265 (66.3) | 60 (78.9) | 42 (73.7) | 55 (61.1) | 44 (62.9) | 27 (56.3) | 37 (63.8) |
Age (yr) | 22.5±2.85 | 19.6±1.41 | 20.6±1.06 | 22.3±2.08 | 23.4±2.17 | 24.1±1.90 | 26.0±1.81 |
Marital status (no) | 395 (98.8) | 76 (100.0) | 57 (100.0) | 89 (98.9) | 70 (100.0) | 49 (100.0) | 54 (93.1) |
Religion (no) | 273 (68.3) | 42 (55.3) | 34 (59.6) | 71 (78.9) | 50 (71.4) | 34 (70.8) | 42 (72.4) |
Residence DGa) (February to March) | 303 (75.8) | 55 (72.4) | 45 (78.9) | 64 (71.1) | 57 (81.4) | 38 (79.2) | 44 (75.9) |
Residence DGa) | 320 (80.0) | 54 (71.1) | 41 (71.9) | 69 (76.7) | 57 (81.4) | 46 (95.8) | 53 (91.4) |
Living alone (yes) | 77 (19.3) | 3 (3.9) | 3 (5.3) | 15 (16.7) | 28 (40.0) | 13 (27.1) | 14 (24.1) |
Underlying disease (no) | 382 (95.5) | 75 (98.7) | 56 (98.2) | 84 (93.3) | 66 (94.3) | 47 (97.9) | 54 (93.1) |
Experience of confirmed COVID-19 diagnosisb) | 6 (1.5) | 0 | 1 (1.8) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (2.9) | 0 | 1 (1.7) |
Variable | February–March 2020 | August–October 2020 | χ2/F | p-value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unbearable stress | ||||||
Yes | 111 (27.75) | 62 (15.50) | 17.708 | 0.000 | ||
Domain of stress (top 3)b) | ||||||
Unusual experiences related to COVID-19 | 263 | 248 | ||||
Limited leisure activities | 242 | 280 | ||||
Fear of becoming infected with COVID-19 | 215 | - | ||||
Limited social activities | - | 212 | ||||
Experience of psychological distress | ||||||
Yes | 224 (56.00) | 115 (28.75) | 61.989 | 0.000 | ||
Mean scorec) | 2.64±1.015 | 3.19±1.126 | 3.471 | 0.063 | ||
Emotion type (top)d) | ||||||
Helplessness | 138 | 70 | ||||
Depression | 123 | 66 | ||||
Anxiety | 58 | 50 |
Data are presented as number (%), number, or mean±standard deviation. A p-value <0.05 is statistically significant.
COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.
a) Comparison of February–March 2020, when the spread was at its peak, and the time of survey administration, August–October 2020.
b) Participants were asked to choose three from among 11 causes of unbearable stress (fear of becoming infected with COVID-19), negative experiences related to COVID-19 (melancholy mood, despair, anxiety, depression, and so forth), unusual experiences related to COVID-19 (mask mandate, social distancing, and so forth), health concerns (excluding COVID-19), limited social activities, limited leisure activities (hobby, trip, and so forth), family conflict, academic anxiety, conflict with friends (including school friends), future career anxiety, and financial difficulty.
Data are presented as mean±standard deviation or number. A p-value <0.05 is statistically significant. Post-hoc was performed by LSD.
LSD: Least significant difference, BAI: Beck anxiety inventory, BDI-II: Beck depression inventory-second edition, PC-PTSD-5: Primary care PTSD screen for DSM-5, CD-RISC: Connor-Davidson resilience scale.
Scales | Psychological |
In times of emotional crisis |
Changes between time A and time B |
||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
February–March 2020a) |
August–October 2020b) |
||||||||||
No. | Score | F | p-value | No. | Score | F | p-value | F | p-value | ||
BAI | Yes | 111 | 3.88±5.08 | 21.421 | 0.000 | 62 | 5.90±6.11 | 64.917 | 0.000 | 5.431 | 0.210 |
No | 289 | 1.88±3.30 | 338 | 1.80±3.05 | 0.101 | 0.751 | |||||
BDI | Yes | 111 | 8.32±7.70 | 17.224 | 0.000 | 62 | 12.63±9.01 | 81.550 | 0.000 | 11.030 | 0.001 |
No | 289 | 5.22±6.24 | 338 | 4.88±5.56 | 0.529 | 0.467 | |||||
CD-RISC | Yes | 111 | 90.09±19.11 | 10.014 | 0.002 | 62 | 82.48±20.91 | 36.615 | 0.000 | 5.433 | 0.021 |
No | 289 | 96.35±17.16 | 338 | 96.84±16.41 | 0.409 | 0.523 |
Data are presented as number or mean±standard deviation, unless otherwise stated. A p-value <0.05 is statistically significant.
BAI: Beck anxiety inventory, BDI-II: Beck depression inventory-second edition, CD-RISC: Connor-Davidson resilience scale.
Variable | No. of students | Without anxiety or depression |
With anxiety or depression |
χ2a) | p-value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mild | Moderate | Severe | Subtotal | |||||||
Anxiety levels | ||||||||||
Gender | 0.675 | 0.411 | ||||||||
Male | 265 | 241 | 16 | 7 | 1 | 24 | ||||
Female | 135 | 126 | 8 | 1 | 0 | 9 | ||||
Grade level | 7.230 | 0.204 | ||||||||
Pre-medical 1st | 76 | 73 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | ||||
Pre-medical 2nd | 57 | 52 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 5 | ||||
Medical 1st | 90 | 86 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | ||||
Medical 2nd | 70 | 62 | 6 | 2 | 0 | 8 | ||||
Medical 3rd | 49 | 42 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 7 | ||||
Medical 4th | 58 | 52 | 4 | 2 | 0 | 6 | ||||
Religion | 3.056 | 0.080 | ||||||||
Yes | 273 | 246 | 19 | 8 | 0 | 27 | ||||
No | 127 | 121 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 6 | ||||
Living alone | 2.827 | 0.093 | ||||||||
Yes | 77 | 67 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 10 | ||||
No | 323 | 300 | 16 | 6 | 1 | 23 | ||||
Residence DGb) | 0.179 | 0.672 | ||||||||
Yes | 303 | 279 | 19 | 4 | 1 | 24 | ||||
No | 97 | 88 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 9 | ||||
Unbearable stress | 5.623 | 0.018 | ||||||||
Yes | 111 | 96 | 10 | 4 | 1 | 15 | ||||
No | 289 | 271 | 14 | 4 | 0 | 18 | ||||
Depression levels | ||||||||||
Gender | 0.444 | 0.505 | ||||||||
Male | 265 | 223 | 28 | 10 | 4 | 42 | ||||
Female | 135 | 117 | 13 | 3 | 2 | 18 | ||||
Grade level | 8.525 | 0.130 | ||||||||
Pre-medical 1st | 76 | 72 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 4 | ||||
Pre-medical 2nd | 57 | 47 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 10 | ||||
Medical 1st | 90 | 76 | 10 | 3 | 1 | 14 | ||||
Medical 2nd | 70 | 56 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 14 | ||||
Medical 3rd | 49 | 39 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 10 | ||||
Medical 4th | 58 | 50 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 8 | ||||
Religion | 2.308 | 0.129 | ||||||||
Yes | 273 | 227 | 32 | 9 | 5 | 46 | ||||
No | 127 | 113 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 14 | ||||
Living alone | 0.757 | 0.384 | ||||||||
Yes | 77 | 63 | 7 | 4 | 3 | 14 | ||||
No | 323 | 277 | 34 | 9 | 3 | 46 | ||||
Residence DGb) | 1.270 | 0.260 | ||||||||
Yes | 303 | 261 | 29 | 9 | 4 | 42 | ||||
No | 97 | 79 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 18 | ||||
Unbearable stress | 5.283 | 0.022 | ||||||||
Yes | 111 | 87 | 16 | 5 | 3 | 24 |